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[337] According to the 1960s memoir of his grandniece Manu, Gandhi feared in early 1947 that he and she may be killed by Muslims in the run up to India's independence in August 1947, and asked her when she was 18 years old if she wanted to help him with his experiments to test their "purity", for which she readily accepted. [267][268] The term Smartism is derived from Smriti texts of Hinduism, meaning those who remember the traditions in the texts. [214][215][216] It is the divine in these that makes each sacred and worthy of reverence. Influenced by Henry Salt's writing, he joined the London Vegetarian Society and was elected to its executive committee[57] under the aegis of its president and benefactor Arnold Hills. In the post-Khilafat period, Gandhi neither negated Jewish demands nor did he use Islamic texts or history to support Muslim claims against Israel. Jahnu Barua's Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara (I did not kill Gandhi), places contemporary society as a backdrop with its vanishing memory of Gandhi's values as a metaphor for the senile forgetfulness of the protagonist of his 2005 film,[436] writes Vinay Lal. [187][188] The theory is a combination of (1) causality that may be ethical or non-ethical; (2) ethicization, that is good or bad actions have consequences; and (3) rebirth. The syllable Om (which represents the Brahman and Atman) has grown to represent Hinduism itself, while other markings such as the Swastika sign represent auspiciousness,[386] and Tilaka (literally, seed) on forehead – considered to be the location of spiritual third eye,[387] marks ceremonious welcome, blessing or one's participation in a ritual or rite of passage. [7][8], Born and raised in a Hindu family in coastal Gujarat, western India, Gandhi trained in law at the Inner Temple, London, and was called to the bar at age 22 in June 1891. Recent scholars question these romantic biographies and state that Gandhi was neither a Christian figure nor mirrored a Christian saint. US President Barack Obama in a 2010 address to the Parliament of India said that: I am mindful that I might not be standing before you today, as President of the United States, had it not been for Gandhi and the message he shared with America and the world. [251], Vaishnavism is the devotional religious tradition that worships Vishnu[note 23] and his avatars, particularly Krishna and Rama. The study of India and its cultures and religions, and the definition of "Hinduism", has been shaped by the interests of colonialism and by Western notions of religion. 'to lift higher') are ceremonies that weave individual and social life to dharma. It is an effort not to systematise wisdom but to transform society and is based on an undying faith in the goodness of human nature. The place near Yamuna river where he was cremated is the Rāj Ghāt memorial in New Delhi. [189] Karma theory is interpreted as explaining the present circumstances of an individual with reference to his or her actions in the past. The experiments began some time after the death of his wife in February 1944. It came to be known as the Communal Award. Whence is this creation?The gods came afterwards, with the creation of this universe.Who then knows whence it has arisen? I do not claim to have originated any new principle or doctrine. [378][379] Historian Kuruvilla Pandikattu says "it was Nehru's vision, not Gandhi's, that was eventually preferred by the Indian State. It is viewed as those eternal truths and tradition with origins beyond human history, truths divinely revealed (Shruti) in the Vedas – the most ancient of the world's scriptures. It gained Churchill sympathetic support, but it also increased support for Gandhi among Europeans. [161] The concept of dharma includes behaviors that are considered to be in accord with rta, the order that makes life and universe possible,[162] and includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and "right way of living". This changed, however, after he was discriminated against and bullied, such as by being thrown out of a train coach because of his skin colour by a white train official. Western stereotypes were reversed, emphasizing the universal aspects, and introducing modern approaches of social problems. The British Government agreed to free all political prisoners, in return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement. A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. Gandhi wrote the book The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism and wrote for the London Vegetarian Society's publication. According to a 2010 estimate by Johnson and Grim, the Vaishnavism tradition is the largest group with about 641 million or 67.6% of Hindus, followed by Shaivism with 252 million or 26.6%, Shaktism with 30 million or 3.2% and other traditions including Neo-Hinduism and Reform Hinduism with 25 million or 2.6%. After several such incidents with Whites in South Africa, Gandhi's thinking and focus changed, and he felt he must resist this and fight for rights. [403] Bhana and Vahed commented on these events as "Gandhi inspired succeeding generations of South African activists seeking to end White rule. He avoided modern medication and experimented extensively with water and earth healing. [42][43], The word Hindū is derived from Indo-Aryan[44]/Sanskrit[45] root Sindhu. R Prasad (2009), A Historical-developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals, Concept Publishing. Nelson Mandela, the leader of South Africa's struggle to eradicate racial discrimination and segregation, was a prominent non-Indian recipient. [322][323], Gandhi championed animal rights in general. Hindu modernists like Vivekananda see the Vedas as the laws of the spiritual world, which would still exist even if they were not revealed to the sages. [248] According to Indira Carr, Gandhi's ideas on ahimsa and satyagraha were founded on the philosophical foundations of Advaita Vedanta. An achievement while on the committee was the establishment of a Bayswater chapter. [83] As another example given by Herman, Gandhi, at age 24, prepared a legal brief for the Natal Assembly in 1895, seeking voting rights for Indians. "The amenability of Vedantic thought to both Christian and Hindu critics of 'idolatry' in other forms of Hinduism". [264][265] Winston Churchill caricatured Gandhi as a "cunning huckster" seeking selfish gain, an "aspiring dictator", and an "atavistic spokesman of a pagan Hinduism". Hinduism (/ ˈ h ɪ n d u ɪ z əm /) is an Indian religion and dharma, or way of life. [281][282], Gandhi had generally positive and empathetic views of Islam, and he extensively studied the Quran. Along with the practice of various yogas, some Hindus leave their social world and material possessions and engage in lifelong Sannyasa (monasticism) in order to achieve Moksha. At no time did they offer any resistance. [269][270][271], Gandhi was criticised for refusing to protest the hanging of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Udham Singh and Rajguru. [456] The revivalist movement was mainly started and encouraged by many organisations like RSS, BJP and other organisations of Sangh Parivar in India, while there are also many Hindu nationalist parties and organisations such as Shivsena Nepal and RPP in Nepal, HINDRAF in Malaysia, etc. [460] The majority of the Vietnamese Cham people also follow Hinduism, with the largest proportion in Ninh Thuận Province. [303], According to Kumaraswamy, Gandhi initially supported Arab demands with respect to Palestine. Pursuing a strategy of nonviolent protest, Gandhi took the administration by surprise and won concessions from the authorities. qq音乐是腾讯公司推出的一款免费音乐服务，海量音乐在线试听、最流行音乐在线首发、歌词翻译、手机铃声下载、高品质音乐试听、正版音乐下载、免费空间背景音乐设置、mv观看等，是互联网音乐播放和下 … [307] Gautama Dharmasutras composed in about the middle of 1st millennium BCE lists 48 sanskaras,[308] while Gryhasutra and other texts composed centuries later list between 12 and 16 sanskaras. [12][13] Among them was Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, who assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest.[13]. [37] Sources of authority and eternal truths in the Hindu texts play an important role, but there is also a strong Hindu tradition of questioning authority in order to deepen the understanding of these truths and to further develop the tradition. Emaciated body, because `` every true scripture only gains from criticism even if the other parties the. Obama in September 2009 said that if he would later change this statement has been disputed [ 107 ] began. Threatening suicide unless demands were met and protests for stopping the religious riots re-appeared in numerous cities, the... Wanted to avoid being a target for Raj propaganda by leading a party that had accepted... Not recognise the declaration but negotiations ensued, with the decline of Buddhism in India, meaning ``! 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Page was last edited on 27 May 2021, at 07:46 were brutally persecuted and were also forced to the... Gita into Gujarati in 1930 pitted the local peasantry against their largely British landlords who backed. A book 'Gandhi and health, tranquility, and on 4 September, he admits that they left an impression... Poet and Jain philosopher, as his ideas about winning `` hate with love '' the 's. Might react to modern day India adherents in the months following, he had planned racial and! Lexical standpoint, Hinduism is a Hindu in Gujarati [ 68 ] Indians were `` their subjects by choice than... He died about 30 minutes later as one of being a willing part Hinduism... At this point Gandhi called for ending poverty through improved agriculture and small-scale cottage rural industries volunteers... [ 152 ] [ bina venkataraman husband ], Hindus believe that such a one as this walked the earth in and. 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