examples of concepts and variables in research

What might become a tad confusing is that certain statistical software programs, like SPSS, refer to an interval variable as a "scale" variable. Operationalization is the process of linking the conceptual definition to a specific set of measurement.

The independent variable is the condition that you change in an experiment. Just as measurement is critical to successful baking, it is as important to successfully pulling off a social scientific research project. In psychology, a construct is a skill, attribute, or ability that is based on one or more established theories.

Give real-life examples of when you might use them. Beauty is a quality that lacks numerical value and can not be classified within a ladder.

Independent Variables (IV)

Independent Variable . A variable incites excitement in any research than constants. Examples of concepts include common demographic measures: Income, Age, Eduction Level, Number of SIblings.

It is called independent because its value does not depend on and is not affected by the state of any other variable in the experiment. 1 Chapter 5 Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement Chapter Outline Measuring anything that exists Conceptions, concepts, and reality Conceptions as constructs Conceptualization Indicators and dimensions The interchangeability of indicators Real, nominal, and operational definitions Creating conceptual order Definitions in descriptive and explanatory studies

A variable can be measured either using crude or refined method or either using subjective or objective methods.


A composite variable is two or more variables combined to make a more complex variable. Make-a-Map: Make a concept map that outlines a process where a variable might be helpful. After we define the concepts in a study, we must identify corresponding variables and develop procedures to measure them. It is therefore critical for beginners in research to have clarity about this term and the related concepts. Profit of sale is a variable and profit can have many values. For example, if I say that "the child . Example 2: "Organizational structure has an effect on customers' satisfaction". One of the primary applications of the concept in finance is in portfolio management Portfolio Management Career Profile Portfolio management is managing investments and assets for clients, which include pension funds, banks . IDENTIFYING VARIABLES, RESEARCH PURPOSES AND HYPOTHESES Identifying variables for a research purpose begins as a set of questions and responses in your .

For example, if we want to explore whether high concentrations of vehicle exhaust impact incidence of asthma in children, vehicle . Independent Variables (IV) Variable. As noted in the example above, there will likely be several concepts, theories, or models that can be used to help develop a framework for understanding the research problem. High quality dissertations clearly distinguish between concepts, constructs and variables.They do this so that the reader knows the difference between the broad concept/construct that you are interested in (e.g., gender) and the variables that you use to measure these concepts/constructs (e.g., whether an individual is male or female; or more broadly, male . An example of such variables may be marital status (married, single, divorced, widowed). A good example of an interval scale is the Fahrenheit degree scale used to measure temperature.

Empirical. In experimental research, factors that have any varying quality or quantity are known as a Variable. There are four main types: Independent variables (IV). Examples are the American Society of Anesthesiologists status or Richmond agitation-sedation scale. Einstein is widely known and appreciated for his work on conceptual research.

The classical experiment has three features: the experimental and control group are given the pretest, an experimental group is given the treatment, and the .

Study Variables The second step is to identify general variables that are included or may be included in the study.

For example, Amount of Insurance Sold is a quantitative variable that can assume many values. • A variable is any event, category, behavior, or attribute that can: • A concept or construct expressed in a measurable way • To be measured it has to…Take on more than value Before a concept or construct can be studied in research, it has to be expressed as a variable • Examples: Concepts/constructs expressed as variables age (0-100 . A . . For example, the relationship between the values (1 and 2) assigned to the attributes (male and female) of the variable (Gender) is "identity".

This experiment is a prime example of how the concept of experimental variables can become a little complex.

You also cannot directly observe fear or motivation. Each is discussed below.

TIP Every study focuses on one or more phenomena, concepts, or variables, but these terms per se are not necessarily used in research reports.

types of concepts: those that refer to a fixed phenomenon and those that vary in quantity, intensity, or. Discover the uses of Independent, Dependent, Control, Extraneous, and Moderator variables in .

In this example, the organizational structure and customers' satisfaction are the independent and dependent variables, respectively.

By knowing the different levels of data measurement, researchers are able to choose the best method for statistical analysis. Variable: An image, perception or concept that is capable of me asurement - hence capable of taking on different values - is called a variable. Dependent variables (DV). Interval variables are similar to an ordinal variable, except that the intervals between the values of the interval variable are equally spaced.

The concepts and variables may be based on previous research findings, experiential knowledge or hunches and intuitions (Sharma, 2014).
For instance, when investigating the concept of job satisfaction . As such, they're a foundational element of thought, language and communication. Chapter 1: Basic Concepts in Research and Data Analysis 7 Values A value refers to either a subject's relative standing on a quantitative variable, or a subject's classification within a classification variable. • A typical example of an ordinal variable is the socio-economic status of families. Quantitative research involves many kinds of variables. The following are common examples of a concept.

In philosophy a construct may be an idealized object such as a cube, which only becomes a real object once it's realized or built.

The research consists of a great number of different components that should be adequately applied to the stages of the research process to optimize it most effectively. He observed his surroundings to conceptualize and develop theories about gravitation and motion. Variables are properties or characteristics of the concept (e.g., performance at school), while indicators are ways of measuring or quantifying variables (e.g., yearly grade reports). Answer (1 of 5): A construct is an ideal object or intangible, abstract idea the existence of which is subject to 'mind', as such is not directly observable. Methods of Research Lesson 4: Concepts, Variables, Indicators and Measurement Dr. Racidon P. Bernarte Important consideration in formulating a research problem: • The use of concepts • The construction of hypotheses Nature of Concepts • Highly subjective as their understanding varies from person to person • "This food is excellent" • "I Think the show is wonderful" • "The . Tags. You may find it challenging to understand just what variables are in the context of research, especially those that deal with quantitative data analysis. Concepts can be based on real phenomena and are a generalized idea of something of meaning. However, there are examples of variables that can be handled as either categorical or quantitative, as noted in the next section.

Two of these ingredients were an independent variable and a dependent variable.

The second type of concept and measures of the concept are. The pilot study is an important step to make sure you operationalize study variables effectively.

When conducting research, experiments often manipulate variables. Sometimes you may hear this variable called the "controlled variable" because it is the one that is changed.

• To introduce the concept of hypothesis generation and testing. Conceptual Framework Research. Concepts and Conceptions Example: Acceptance •We have personal life experiences •Hear, see, learn, experiences •"Acceptance": a term agreed on to describe a type of social phenomena •Word Acceptance may evoke a mental image of situation •Mental images about a phenomenon is our conception of that phenomenon •In social research, coming to an agreement about what terms mean In sociology, when we use the term measurement The process by which we describe and ascribe meaning to the key facts, concepts, or phenomena that we are investigating. For example, an experimenter might compare the effectiveness of four types of fertilizers.

In scientific research, concepts are the abstract ideas or phenomena that are being studied (e.g., educational achievement). • To understand the various forms of variables. Extraneous variables.

There are four main types discussed in further detail below: Independent variables (IV). latent, measurement, variables. Qualitative phenomena (or the attributes) are also quantified on the basis of the presence or absence of the concerning attribute(s). Being able to take abstract ideas and turn them into concrete measures is essential for research and practice. For this reason, I usually have a unit on this topic near the beginning… Example:

As such the concepts like weight, height, income are all examples of variables. Examples Let's look at some examples of concepts: alienation, apathy, freedom, efficacy, tolerance, public interest, ideology, justice, voting, presidential behavior, political participation, political trust, political interest, political knowledge, political experience, congressional seniority, campaign Once you have decided on an independent variable and a dependent variable, yo. - For example, democracy has been measured as either present or not (1/0) or as a scale ranging from 0 to 10. A social scientist may examine the possible effect of early marriage on divorce. Simply defined, variable is a concept that varies. The success of research hinges on (1) how clearly we conceptualize and (2) how well others understand the concepts we use. Also check our tips on how to write a research paper, see the lists of research paper topics, and browse research paper examples. This is known as operationalizing variables. Concepts refer to a fixed phenomenon.

Consider for example, the variable of birth order.

We know 'upper middle' is higher than 'middle' but we cannot say 'how much higher'. "Variable" is a term frequently used in research projects. In scientific research, concepts are the abstract ideas or phenomena that are being studied (e.g., educational achievement). For example, if you want to do an experiment based on the severity of urticaria, one option would be to measure the severity using a scale to grade severity of itching. What then are variables, and how do you use variables in your research?

Differentiate between concepts and variables o Explain with examples the independent, dependent, and extraneous variables o Differentiate between conceptual and operational definition of variables in a study o Explain the purpose of theoretical framework in a studyReview Grove, Gray, & Burns Chapters 2 & 7.

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