son of man

Son of Man is a fulfillment of prophecy. Son of man is an expression in the sayings of Jesus in Christian writings, including the Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles and the Book of Revelation. So when Christ is called the Son of Man the entire generating line all the way from Adam down to Jesus is being recalled. Along with the way he used the image of the kingdom of God and that of God as Father, here a third classic example is supplied of Jesus taking an inherited expression and using it massively but in his own way. conveys some glorious connotations of "the Son of God" as a figure who will come in triumph on the clouds of heaven to judge his enemies: "I am; and you will see the Son of man seated at the right hand of the Power, and coming with the clouds of heaven". The reference here is most likely to the king of Judah. ben-'adam) also appears over a hundred times in the Hebrew Bible. [3][7] However, the use of the definite article in "the Son of man" is novel, and before its use in the canonical gospels, there are no records of its use in any of the surviving Greek documents of antiquity.[3]. All rights reserved. In John's Gospel the expression gains a very significant element, not to be found in the Synoptic Gospels under any of the three meanings listed above: the "Son of man" is a personally pre-existent figure (e.g., John 3:13; John 6:62). In any case, the implication is that seeing the angels ascending and descending on the "Son of man" (i.e. "A More Complete Semitic Background for bar-enasha 'Son of Man'", in, This page was last edited on 15 March 2021, at 18:03. The fact that the designation was strange and unsuitable for the early Church's life and ministry suggests that the Son of man sayings did not derive from groups in the Church, but from another source, which could only really be Jesus himself. The independence of the three classes of Son of man sayings and the separation of the kingdom sayings from the Son of man can be explained if one sees the Gospels (and the traditions behind them) accurately preserving here distinctions that genuinely went back to Jesus' actual preaching and teaching. Another possible correspondence is found in repeated usage of a similar phrase in the Book of Ezekiel. According to John 12:34, the audience of Jesus were puzzled when he referred to himself as "the Son of man". Matthew 13:37,41-42. It was not and did not become a title in the normal sense—at least not on the lips of Jesus himself. © Copyright 2002-2021 Got Questions Ministries. They would argue that in Daniel 7, "the Son of Man" refers to his ascending back to his rightful throne and this is the precise picture of him fulfilling such a role as he receives the spirit of Stephen and judges the Pharisees who stoned Stephen, although the complete Judgment (Last judgment?) It is thought by Christian scholars that the author of Acts (also believed to be the author of Luke) includes this reference to "the Son of Man" as a direct reference to Jesus and his previous ascension, to sit at the Right Hand of God in Heaven. [6][7][8], The presentation of Son of man in the Gospel of John is somewhat different from the Synoptics: in John 1:51 he is presented as contact with God through "angelic instrumentality", in John 6:26 and 6:53 he provides life through his death, and in John 5:27 he holds the power to judge men. ; Matt 24:27=Luke 17:24; Matt 25:31–32; see John 5:27). “ What is man, that You remember him? For centuries, the Christological perspective on Son of man ("man" referring to Adam) has been seen as a possible counterpart to that of Son of God and just as Son of God affirms the divinity of Jesus, in a number of cases Son of man affirms his humanity. "by the power of the Holy Spirit [7][9], In Matthew 8:20 and Luke 9:58 Jesus states: "The foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of man has nowhere to lay his head." [2] By the time the Protestant Reformation was under way, three new approaches had emerged, one that saw it as an expression of the humanity of Jesus, another that viewed it as a messianic title derived from the Book of Daniel (7.13) and a third which considered it as a general idiom for self-reference. [2] In the 21st century a simple approach has been made: "Adam means 'man.' 2:6). [21][23], Second, the Son of man sayings in which Jesus refers to his (often humble and merciful) earthly activity are attested by both Mark (e.g., Mark 2:10, 28) and Q source (Matt 8:20=Luke 9:58; Matt 11:19=Luke 7:34). The message of scripture was that Jesus Christ was both God and man. human beings. [2], In the last part of the 20th century, the messianic view was highly criticized and the concept of idiomatic use began to gain support among some scholars. In explaining the Parable of the Weeds: [5], The occurrences of Son of man in the Synoptic gospels are generally categorized into three groups: (i) those that refer to his "coming" (as an exaltation); (ii) those that refer to "suffering" and (iii) those that refer to "now at work" i.e. he became incarnate from the Virgin Mary, The three classes are not blended together. In the Gospels themselves other people address and speak about Jesus in a variety of ways, but never directly as "Son of man". will occur at the Great White Throne judgment at the end of the age. It could simply denote a member of the human race (Ps. ben-'adam) also appears in the Torah over a hundred times. [19] What is clear from the evidence is that "Son of man" did not function in pre-Christian messianic expectations as a title for a deliverer expected to come in the last times. "Son of Man" has the double meaning of human being and, according to Daniel 7, exalted heavenly one. What does it mean that Jesus is God’s only begotten son? This passage may be an allusion to Jacob's Ladder. Apparently, Luke has preserved the original form of the saying, which indicates a certain unity of function between Jesus himself and the Son of man, but at the same time introduces some differentiation between the two figures. [1][2], The expression "the Son of man" occurs 81 times in the Greek text of the four canonical gospels, and is used only in the sayings of Jesus. [8][30] This seems to build on the statement in Mark 9:31 that "The Son of man is delivered up into the hands of men, and they shall kill him; and when he is killed, after three days he shall rise again. To him was given dominion and glory and kingship, that all peoples, nations, and languages should serve him. [25] The absence of a clear and strong connection between the Son of man and the divine kingdom is puzzling. Jesus’ claim before the high priest to be the Son of Man was a reference to the prophecy of Daniel 7:13–14, “In my vision at night I looked, and there before me was one like a son of man, coming with the clouds of heaven. [4], The expression "the Son of man" appears 81 times in the Koine Greek of the four Gospels: 30 times in Matthew, 14 times in Mark, 25 times in Luke and 12 times in John. Luke 18:31-34, Mark 10:32-34, Matthew 20:17-19, Mark 10:35-45 refers to (Son of man came to serve), Referring to the Second Coming Mark 8:38-9:1 (NRSV), Matthew 16:27-28, Luke 9:26-27, Mark 14:62 (ESV), Matthew 26:64 (at his Trial before the Sanhedrin), The first chapter of the Book of Revelation refers to "one like a Son of man" in Revelation 1:12-13 which radiantly stands in glory and speaks to the author. ; Matt 11:19=Luke 7:34; Matt 8:20=Luke 9:58); (2) his coming suffering, death, and resurrection (Mark 9:9,12; Mark 14:21 and, above all, Mark 8:31; 9:31; 10:33-34 parr. The attributes given to "the Son of man" in the Christian scriptures seem to correspond with those found in the Book of Daniel of the Hebrew scriptures - Daniel 7:13-14 "As I watched in the night visions, I saw one like a son of man coming with the clouds of heaven. Son of man is an expression in the sayings of Jesus in Christian writings, including the Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles and the Book of Revelation.The meaning of the expression is controversial. [21], Fifth, there are some unusual features about the preservation of the "Son of man" sayings. Christians commonly take the phrase "son of man" in this passage to refer to Jesus himself, rather than humanity in general. The New Testament expression ὅ ὑιὸς τοῦ ἀνθρόπου is a translation of the Aramaic "bar nasha," and as such could have been understood only as the substitute for a personal pronoun, or as emphasizing the human qualities of those to whom it is applied. On the various interpretations of "Son of man", cf. Why is Ezekiel called son of man if it is a title for Jesus. [3] The Hebrew expression "son of man" (בן–אדם i.e. This double strand of tradition or multiple attestation can encourage one to attribute to Jesus at least class (1) and class (3) of the Son of man sayings. These positions in the Creed of the Nicene council, and the primary subject of the Chalcedonian, shows the importance of early Christian belief in the nature of Jesus as both God and Man, so much so, that believing the two could be reduced to a third, intermingled nature was considered heresy. What does it mean that Jesus is the Son of God? Jesus responded "I am: and you shall see the Son of man sitting at the right hand of Power, and coming with the clouds of heaven.". Furthermore, the sayings about God's kingdom and, specifically, the parables never introduce the Son of man. [6] The profession of Jesus as the Son of God has been an essential element of Christian creeds since the Apostolic age, and while some do not think profession of Christ as Son of man was necessary for Christians, the proclamation of Jesus as the Son of man has been an article of faith in Christianity since at least the Nicene Creed which reads in the English as: [21][22], First, one does not find others ever describing, addressing, or confessing Jesus as the Son of man apart from four marginal cases (Acts 7:56; Rev. Linguistically, it was a particularly odd expression for Greek-speaking people. It was not even a sharply defined concept, with a specific content and reference. Matthew modifies this Q saying to read: "Every one who acknowledges me before men, I also will acknowledge before my Father who is in heaven" (Matt. [12] In the Gospel of John Jesus is not just a messianic figure, nor a prophet like Moses, but the key emphasis is on his dual role as Son of God and Son of man.[13]. [21], At the same time, the evangelists (and/or their sources) do not always seem to distinguish "Son of man" sharply from "Christ/Messiah" or "Son of God". The Hebrew expression "son of man" (בן–אדם i.e. "[16] However, no consensus has emerged among scholars on how the expression can be interpreted. See Book of Revelation 20 and Christian eschatology. [21][26], For centuries, the Christological perspective on Son of man has been seen as a possible counterpart to that of Son of God and just as Son of God affirms the divinity of Jesus, in a number of cases Son of man affirms his humanity. In the Gospel of Mark 10:35–45 this episode takes place shortly after Jesus predicts his death. [20], According to the Synoptic Gospels, Jesus referred to himself as "Son of man" in three contexts, each with its own circle of fairly distinct meanings. What does it mean that Jesus is the Son of Man? 8:4) or be a way of pointing to a prophet's insignificance and finite dependence in the face of God's glory and infinite power. [6], However, while of all the Christological titles used in the New Testament, Son of God has had one of the most lasting impacts in Christian history and has become part of the profession of faith by many Christians, the proclamation of Son of man has never been an article of faith in Christianity. Mark 2:27-28, Matthew 12:8 and Luke 6:5 include the Lord of the Sabbath pericope where Jesus tells the Pharisees "The sabbath was made for man, and not man for the sabbath: so that the Son of man is lord even of the sabbath." John Piper is founder and teacher of desiringGod.org and chancellor of Bethlehem College & Seminary. He used this self-designation of (1) his earthly work and its (frequently) humble condition (e.g., Mark 2:10, 28 parr. Thus (2) the passion predictions about the Son of man do not go beyond the death and resurrection to include (3) statements about the future coming of the Son of man. It was too flexible and even vague: it ranges from the mysterious heavenly being of Daniel 7 to simply serving as a circumlocution for "I". Geza Vermes has stated that "the son of man" in the New Testament is unrelated to Hebrew Bible usages. the son of man whom you have made strong for yourself! This approach continued into the Middle Ages. 1:13; 14:14; Heb. In 1:12, he is identified as the author of the letters to the seven churches in Revelation 2 and 3. [5] He concludes that in these sources "Son of man" is a regular expression for man in general and often serves as an indefinite pronoun and in none of the extant texts does "son of man" figure as a title. Get our Questions of the Week delivered right to your inbox! Matthew 12:38-42, Mark 8:11-13, Luke 11:29-32. [29], Although Son of man is a distinct concept from Son of God, some gospel passages may seem to equate them in some cases, e.g. [3] Geza Vermes has stated that the use of "the Son of man" in the Christian gospels is unrelated to Hebrew Torah usages.[5]. His dominion is an everlasting dominion that shall not pass away, and his kingship is one that shall never be destroyed." Therefore, Luke reports Jesus as declaring: "Every one who acknowledges me before men, the Son of man also will acknowledge before the angels of God" (Luke 12:8. However, in the first century the designation does not seem to have been useful in preaching the good news. In the Koine Greek of the New Testament, "the son of man" is "ὁ υἱὸς τοὺ ἀνθρώπου" (ho huios tou anthropou). In the Christian scriptures, Jesus uses the reference for himself more than Son of God. Matthew's modification reflects precisely that shift. [1], Expression in the sayings of Jesus in Christian writings, This article is about Christian teachings. Interpretation of the use of "the Son of man" in the New Testament has remained challenging and after 150 years of debate no consensus on the issue has emerged among scholars. Now, if the early Church had freely created the Son of man sayings, it would be puzzling that this designation for Jesus is not found on the lips of others. But since he is the only Son of God, by nature and not by grace, he became also the Son of Man that he might be full of grace as well. “ You have made him for a little while lower than the angels; You have crowned him with glory and honor, And have appointed him over the works of Your hands; You have put all things in subjection under his feet.” Christians commonly take the phrase "son of man" in this passage to refer to Jesus himself. In Daniel 7:13–14 the "Son of man" seems to symbolize the angels (perhaps the archangel Michael) and/or the righteous and persecuted Jews who will be vindicated and given authority by God (Dan 7:18,21–22,27; 10:13,21; 12:1) rather than function as one individual, heavenly figure who represents the people. [1][2], In Judaism, "son of man" denotes mankind generally in contrast to deity or godhead, with special reference to their weakness and frailty (Job 25:6; Psalms 8:4; Psalms 144:3; Psalms 146:3; Isaiah 51:12, etc.) However, there remain good and convergent reasons for maintaining that, while there was some editorial reworking, Jesus did speak of himself as "Son of man", filled the term with his own meanings, and was responsible for the three classes of "Son of man" sayings listed above. The phrases “Son of man” and “Son of God” are used for Jesus Christ to refer to His humanity and deity. "[8] In the parable of the Sheep and the Goats, the returning Son of man has the power to judge, by separating men from "all the nations" into distinct groups, in Matthew 25:31–46. Coinciding with Nontrinitarianism, Moses 6:57 suggests that a name of God the Father is "Man of Holiness," and that the title "Son of Man" points to Jesus' divine sonship:[14], The interpretation of the use of "the Son of man" in the New Testament has proven to be challenging, and James D. G. Dunn and separately Delbert Burkett state that it is a prime example of the limits of New Testament interpretation because after 150 years of debate no consensus on its meaning has emerged. He is the man at God’s right hand. Or the son of man, that You are concerned about him? The puzzle disappears once it is agreed that there is here a genuine historical recollection: only Jesus used the term, and the evangelists and their sources faithfully recorded that fact. [8] However, James Dunn has pointed out that there is no overall scholarly agreement on these issues, and the Christological debates have continued for well over a century without the emergence of consensus. 10:32). [17][18], Sixty-nine times in the Synoptic Gospels Jesus calls himself (the) "Son of man", a Greek expression which in its Aramaic (and Hebrew) background could be an oblique way for indicating the speaker's own self (e.g., Matt 8:20), or else simply mean "someone" or "a human being" (as in Ps 8:4, where it is a poetic variant for "man"). Interpretation of the use of "the Son of man" in the New Testament has remained challenging and after 150 years of debate no consensus on the issue has emerged among scholars. [9] These classifications show how the "Son of man" served as a way of indicating Jesus' importance and even universal relevance. What does it mean that Jesus is the son of David? ); (3) his future coming in heavenly glory to act with sovereign power at a final judgement (e.g., Mark 8:38; 13:26-27 parr. Jesus often called himself the Son of Man as part of his interactions with people. John's vision of the Son of Man is a key Johannine reference to the Son of man. He approached the Ancient of Days and was led into his presence. As some wit put it, "the kingdom has no Son of man, and the Son of man has no kingdom". [21], Third, there was some Jewish background to Jesus' Son of man sayings, but there was scarcely any follow-up in the emerging Church. In the 5th century, Saint Augustine wrote at length on the Son of God and its relationship with the Son of man, positioning the two issues in terms of the dual nature of Jesus as both divine and human in terms of the hypostatic union. On the one hand, saying he was the Son of Man would have been a very ordinary thing to say. For an overview, see, "Among Jews the term "son of man" was not used as the specific title of the Messiah. God the Son Incarnate: The Doctrine of Christ by Stephen Wellum. Then we shall not turn back from you; give us life, and we will call upon your name! Later on the Church Fathers would use the term as a way of referring to Christ's humanity as opposed to his divinity or to his being the Son of God. The New Testament claims, in Revelation, that Jesus will come to earth on the "clouds of heaven," and that he will be given unending dominion and authority. [21], As regards Jesus himself, much debate originated in deciding whether any or all of the three classes of self-referential sayings derived from what he said in his ministry. It does not appear in credal and liturgical formulas. The Hebrew expression "son of man" (בן–אדם, ben-'adam) appears 107 times in the Hebrew Bible, the majority (93 times) in the Book of Ezekiel. This phrasing seems to tie in with the Old Testament prophetic expressions used by such prophets as Ezekiel, and it shows Jesus' understanding of himself as the "man" that God has singled out as a friend and representative.[10]. For 33 years, he served as pastor of Bethlehem Baptist Church, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Like it’s use in Ezekiel, ‘son of man’ can simply mean, ‘human being.’ But of course, Jesus also was speaking to his identity as the Messiah. the speaker, Jesus) would be a great wonder. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament, Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Son_of_man_(Christianity)&oldid=1012309540, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Buth, Randall. In the last three cases one is dealing with quotations from the Old Testament. [27][28] Thus in the mainstream Trinitarian context it is the Son of God title which implies the full divinity of Jesus as part of the Holy Trinity of Father, Son and the Spirit.[28]. or the term "ben adam" is but a formal substitute for the personal pronoun. In other words, "Son of man" was used to say what Jesus did rather than what he was. This was especially true of the class (3) sayings. The phrase “Son of Man” occurs 195 times in the Old and New Testaments. A partial exception comes in Matthew's story of the final judgement in which the Son of man (25:31) is also called "the king" (25:34, 40). The title "Son of Man" is used nine times in the Book of Moses, a work considered canonical scripture by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and included in its publication The Pearl of Great Price. Most scholars and theologians agree that the use of Son of man in this pericope is consistent with that of self-reference. In Mark 14:61-62, the reply that Jesus makes to the high priest's question ("Are you the Messiah, the Son of the Blessed One?") [2] By the 17th century, the first approach (focusing on his humanity) had gained ground, yet by the 19th century the messianic view had increased in popularity. [1][2], The earliest approaches, going back to the Fathers of the Church, relied on the Greek expression and interpreted "son" in a parental sense. What follows below is a fuller explanation of both terms. Monophysites regarded Christ as having a single nature that was a co-mingling of the two, God and Man, whereas the Orthodox Catholic position held that he was completely God, and completely man, simultaneously. In Matthew 18:11 Jesus refers to Son of man came to serve and states: "For the Son of man is come to save that which was lost". Son of Man – Old Testament. The sayings dealing with the coming or apocalyptic Son of man likewise turn up in Mark (Mark 8:38; 13:26; 14:62) and in Q (e.g., Matt 24:27=Luke 17:24. For Mark, the Davidic Messiah and Daniel's Son of man are one and same person, and their name is Jesus. [24], Fourth, the sayings about the coming Son of man sometimes imply a certain differentiation between this figure and Jesus. referring to the earthly life. [4], The use of the definite article in "the Son of man" in the Koine Greek of the Christian gospels is original, and before its use there, no records of its use in any of the surviving Greek documents of antiquity exist. A few scholars have even attempted to prove that none of the "Son of man" sayings came from Jesus himself. The distinction had its point in the historical context of his ministry, but not later in the post-Easter situation where believers acknowledged the personal unity between the risen Jesus and the Son of man who would come in glory. [4] In thirty-two cases, the phrase appears in intermediate plural form "sons of men", i.e. Christ being a man-God was so important that it was the major issue addressed at the Council of Chalcedon where the heresy of monophysitism was addressed. in Mark 14:61, during the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus when the high priest asked Jesus: "Are you the Messiah, the Son of the Blessed one?" Vermes begins with the observation that there is no example of "the" son of man in Hebrew sources and suggests that the term originates in Aramaic — ברנש - bar nash/bar nasha. And Jesus means to communicate both of those. and was made man." The differentiation makes sense once it is recognised that it recalls a turn of phrase actually used by Jesus to distinguish his present preaching from his future judging. It describes him as the "ruler of the kings of the earth," to be served and worshiped by all nations, people, and language groups. In both Revelation 1:12 and 14:14, John reports seeing one "like the Son of Man". But this title, “Son of Man,” is the one I want you to really pay attention to when you’re reading the Gospels, because it’s used so often in the New Testament, and all but three times that it occurs in the New Testament, it comes from the lips of Jesus. The meaning of the expression is controversial. And he came to the Ancient One and was presented before him. That the term does not appear in any of the. Therefore, God addresses Ezekiel ninety-three times as "son of man". More insights from your Bible study - Get Started with Logos Bible Software for Free! After all, Daniel 7 was relevant for the functions of the Son of man, and the Danielic imagery had included God's kingdom (Daniel 2:44; 4:3; 7:27). Dunn. Study - get Started with Logos Bible Software for Free man as part of his with! Phrase “ Son of man '' in this pericope is consistent with that self-reference. 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